[1] Much has been written about Pound’s definition of Imagism—or at least the “image”—that need not be covered here. For haiku poets writing a hundred years later, we can continue to see haiku in this construct. Central to most haiku is the notion of capturing a moment in time—or “releasing” it, as the more poetic among us might say. But what is an “intellectual and emotional complex”? When haiku present a moment in time, the point of doing so is traditionally to create or convey an emotional feeling, but we sometimes overlook the intellectual effects of haiku—the ideas and even commentary that a haiku also might offer. We need not reject them, or at least not too quickly. We need not be afraid of balancing both the head and the heart. Cummings began one of his poems by saying “since feeling is first” (ahead of thinking), and that any person “who pays any attention / to the syntax of things / will never wholly kiss you.” “Kisses,” Cummings adds, “are a better fate / than wisdom.” Perhaps Pound puts the intellect first merely in his sentence structure, but he does nevertheless emphasize it, and we might challenge ourselves as haiku poets to consider the intellectual effects of our haiku together with their emotional effects. It would seem that some avant-garde gendai haiku are already doing this, perhaps to the utter detriment of emotional effects, but I suspect that the middle ground between these two extremes is worthy of exploration. I would also distinguish between intellectual effects, which happen as one interprets a poem, as opposed to intellectual statements in the poem itself, which many avant-garde gendai haiku include, thereby minimizing reader engagement on both intellectual and emotional levels. In any event, Pound reminds us here of the focus on an instant of time. Not in time, but of time. This distinction points to what we are capturing (the source), not just how we write it (the process) or what we are creating (the product). Our focus on time in haiku (the seasons, the here and now) enables us to approach the infinite.

[2] Here we cannot help but note the technique of juxtaposition, created by the use of a kireji, or cutting word, in Japanese. Often the presentation of two juxtaposed parts together, instantaneously, creates the haiku’s energy. The result of an effective juxtaposition is indeed akin to a sudden liberation, a heightened feeling of wholeness and rightness in the world, even to the point of exclamation at the world’s beauty and wonder.

[3] I’ve long thought of haiku as an approach to infinity, as already suggested, like Zeno’s paradox or Escher’s “circle limit” designs. By sharpening their focus to the smallest of moments, most haiku practically seem to stop time, to transcend time, to be timeless.

[4] While it’s common to think of haiku transcending or stopping time in its sharp focus on the moment, we think less often of its ability, as Pound says, for the image to also transcend space. If haiku is the poetry of the here and now, that sharpened focus on the here does indeed provide freedom from the limits of space as well, even if we might more readily think of haiku as focusing more on sharp moments of time.

[5] Such a feeling of sudden growth is not much different, it seems to me, from the “aha” moment in haiku, sometimes called the “haiku moment.” Perhaps this haiku moment is at once the moment of inspiration, the moment expressed in the poem, and the moment of the reader’s realization—indeed, an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.

[6] Such an ideal didn’t stop Pound, of course, from producing voluminous works. This ideal reminds me of Bashō who said that one is a master if one produces a handful of excellent haiku in a lifetime.

[7] One might immediately think of Lorraine Ellis Harr’s “The Isn’ts of Haiku,” a sort of haiku checklist that provided advice for haiku poets in the manner of identifying what haiku should not be. Her list was influential, perhaps because of its memorable title, but it also offended those poets who happen to dwell more in the positive than the negative. Harr’s list may have been directly inspired by Pound’s lists of “Don’ts,” but I have no evidence to support this other than the text itself.

[8] Pound has thrown down the gauntlet. Who will be the Haiku Moses to write a list of Haiku Ten Commandments? The title of Pound’s essay also refers to “Don’ts,” of course, so it seems he did indeed wax Mosaic.

[9] Here Pound is referring to a note titled “Imagisme” attributed to F. S. Flint in the same issue of Poetry, but Pound himself had apparently written that text too (with Hilda Doolittle and Richard Aldington). For more on this controversy, if it is one, see https://www.thoughtco.com/imagism-modern-poetry-2725585 and other sources. Here is the complete text of the note attributed to Flint (pages 199–200 of the March 1913 issue Poetry magazine, immediately preceding Pound’s essay; text sourced from https://ia601601.us.archive.org/35/items/jstor-20569729/20569729.pdf):

[10] Bless Pound for saying this, and any haiku poet worth his or her salt would readily agree. Pound certainly seemed to offer a lot of dogma in his career, though.

[11] This seems like an overly sweeping generalization. By logical extension, we would have to conclude that no person should ever have an opinion on any piece of art unless he or she had produced such art himself or herself. And it would have to be notable, too. At poetry readings, I’m most grateful, in fact, for the audience members who come just to listen rather than those who also come to read their own poetry. Many intellectuals have made extensive careers out of studying subjects deeply, regardless of their own ability, for example, to write a symphony or pen a poem. I am happy to pay attention to their criticisms as well, even if I might pay a different sort of attention to it.

[12] Haiku poets everywhere would agree. But this is hardly the exclusive domain of haiku poetry.

[13] Here I think of Eliot’s depiction of the “objective correlative,” that each object, if we trust it, will adequately convey a corresponding emotion. Should we, therefore, as Pound insists, never mix the abstract with the concrete? I’m not so sure, because I’ve found that touches of the subjective in haiku can work well if they are sufficiently grounded by objective description in the rest of the poem. However, I also find that haiku beginners too readily allow the subjective in their poems without realizing that they’ve failed to control or even identify what might be overly subjective or judgmental in their work. Nevertheless, I suspect that the conscientious poet would be afraid of nothing, but that same conscientious poet should also know when the image is completely enough.

[14] Well, this is the Imagist way, isn’t it? Such a pronouncement begs its opposite, to know when and how to use abstractions. I don’t mean to give license to every opaqueness imaginable, but to recognize the value of carefully combining the abstract and the concrete. For my money, the abstract seldom succeeds, however, as already mentioned, without solid grounding in the concrete.

[15] A good point for all beginning haiku poets to tattoo onto their foreheads. Haiku is not chopped-up prose. The art of haiku is more subtle than that, more complex.

[16] In the White Pine Press haiku anthology The Unswept Path, in “Yama-Biko: Mountain Echo,” Edith Shiffert said that “There never were any rules [in haiku], just fashions and preferences.” So the whims of haiku are just what Pound has said—they ebb and flow with the poetic fashions of the day. One may like to be fashionable, of course, and there’s always an iconoclast on every poetic corner who will buck the fashion, but there’s always a way to see through the fashions, to seek what the masters sought.

[17] Or any other art. Or that haiku is simpler than any other sort of poetry.

[18] Or, as Malcolm Gladwell has written in his book Outliers, we need to spend 10,000 hours on our art or craft to reach a modicum of expertise. There are no shortcuts.

[19] The agony of influence be damned—let yourself be influenced by every poem you read, good and bad, on what to do and what not to do, and by every poet, by their lifestyles, their successful habits, their industriousness and crafting. (See Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence, 1973, and Jonathan Lethem, The Ecstasy of Influence, 2011.)

[20] Concealing one’s influences is not a license to plagiarize, however.

[21] Ah yes, let the influence be much deeper than this. The great artist steals—and utterly transforms—whatever his or her influences may be. Imitation in haiku, too, is at best a grade-school phase to have worked one’s way past, and not an island to be stranded on. As T. S. Eliot wrote in 1920, in The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism, “Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal.” But he did not stop there. That quotation ends with a semicolon and then continues: “bad poets deface what they take, and good poets make it into something better, or at least something different. The good poet welds his theft into a whole of feeling which is unique, utterly different from that from which it was torn; the bad poet throws it into something which has no cohesion.” (See an informative discussion of Eliot’s quotation, and its contexts, at https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/03/06/artists-steal/.) Steal, for perhaps we cannot even avoid doing this, but never lightly.

[22] Well, this seems self-evident, doesn’t it? Who would ever choose to use a bad ornament? In any case, I think of how James W. Hackett has described haiku as being like a finger pointing to the moon, and that if the finger is bejeweled, we no longer see the moon. So, in haiku, should we perhaps use no ornament at all? What is an ornament anyway?

[23] A valuable suggestion for the haiku poet. Not to read just the Japanese, but to read haiku in other languages also—not for meaning, but for rhythm, to feel the varieties and textures, the spikes and velvet in every tongue, to see how they might find manifestation in English.

[24] Haiku has been beaten to death over the idea of counting syllables—either that one should, in grade school or in pseudo-haiku, or that one shouldn’t, when one graduates to a more literary sort of haiku. But that sort of “attention” to syllables had obscured the deeper attention that every element of haiku needs. Do we think about the length of syllables, the combination of particular vowel and consonant sounds, the stresses and rests, the rhythm of peculiar and regular permutations, the amalgam of meaning that lies in partial sounds rather than whole words? Though we may perform this dissection coldly, let us also do it warmly, with feeling as well as intellect.

[25] Agreed, that not all haiku need be musical, but let us consider the music of the poem, the rhythm and the sounds, lest we miss the opportunity to delight—provided that the effect of delighting the reader does not point more to the author’s cleverness than to the depth and reverberation of the experience itself. Let us see the moon, not the bejeweled finger that points to the moon. Considering the music of the poem also applies, I might add, to the art of translations. I have read some haiku translations by academics that feel wooden and lifeless, perhaps because the art of music has been neglected, or not in the academic’s repertoire.

[26] We should be, as Henry James advised, one upon whom nothing is lost. This means that the haiku poet has the responsibility to know his chops, to know basic grammar and punctuation, the difference between an en and em dash, even how to count syllables properly if he or she insists on counting syllables (it’s surprising how much misunderstanding exists on this matter, even among native English speakers). Do we know how to control harmony and counterpoint in our haiku, how to occasionally use rhyme or slant rhyme to our advantage, and to make the most of every poetic technique? Do we know how to balance the objective and the subjective, the abstract with the concrete? How many of us go deeply into craft, rather than just winging it? These are factors that advance the neophyte towards mastery.

[27] Such an admirable distinction, that each matter of craft deserves our attention even if seldom used. For a genre of poetry that dwells so deeply in attention to detail, it can deplorable how matters of craft and useful consistency can be so readily neglected.

[28] My inclination is to think the opposite, that if it’s too dull to go in poetry, it might go in prose. But Pound is challenging us here, to not let laziness creep into poetry. Meter and rhyme might hide or overshadow sloppiness in other areas, for example, and we should hold ourselves to higher standards.

[29] Well, hmmm. Aren’t haiku writers always descriptive? Perhaps by “viewy” Pound means “showy.” But of course we should describe, and show rather than tell, but more on this in a moment. One message I take from Pound here is not to overdo it. Fortunately, the haiku poet can trust the image, and can rely on the part to represent the whole. Haiku succeeds by what it leaves out, by the power of suggestion. As for not being “descriptive,” we can still trust images in haiku, which are inherently descriptive, but our haiku need not stop there, and Pound makes this distinction in his next sentence. Likewise, when Shiki promoted shasei, or sketching from life, he ultimately offered it as a place for haiku to start, not where it always needed to end. If haiku has two parts, as suggested by an English equivalent of the kireji, or cutting word, those two parts should not be merely one plus one equals two. By reverberation, suggestion, implication, and synergy, the two parts—the two “descriptions”—can be like one plus one equals three, like the chemical reaction that happens when one mixes baking soda with vinegar.

[30] Here we have a clarification of terms. And here the haiku poet can readily agree, to present rather than to describe. Ultimately, this is the message to show rather than tell. What do we as haiku poets present rather than describe? By understanding this distinction, I believe we can improve in our haiku art.

[31] Here the virtue of the scientist, for haiku, is to report and describe, but not to infer. Let the reader do the inferring. By presenting the right images in careful juxtaposition, the combination can result in mathematical magic, that one plus one equals three. But that three comes from the reader, from the reader’s inferences, the reader’s engagement with the haiku as an “unfinished” poem, becoming the poem’s moment, the poem’s image, letting the feeling consume him or her. (This does not mean the poet does not intend that three, or doesn’t aim at it, but the virtue of the haiku poet’s art is to point to it.) By trusting the scientist’s objectivity, we can create subjective reaction in the reader much more powerfully than by flowering our poems with unnecessary subjectivity. And think too of the question of motives. The advertising agent wants to sell something, to motivate a purchase, to modify behavior. To the extent that the haiku poet does this, he or she is driven more by agenda than by joie de vivre, more by intellect than by feeling. Feeling is first.

[32] I’m not sure that this is true. First, does a scientist expect to be acclaimed just for discovering something? Second, it stands to reason that many scientists achieve acclaim, and certainly fulfillment, without discovering anything. For the haiku poet, then, I would suggest that “discovery” (to always do something innovative) is not the only goal.  Bashō spoke of treading the “middle way.” Perhaps the goal is to discover for oneself, and simply to share one’s private discoveries with wide-eyed wonder. While I’m grateful for those who discover and successfully innovate in poetry, even in haiku, I would wish no diminishment on those who do not, even while every haiku should be an act of discovery—of experience and lifefulness, if not poetic innovation. We need not live in perpetual fear of the Modernist dictum to endlessly “make it new.” I’ve quoted Jane Hirshfield before, who said, “Make it yours,” and Robert Henri, who wrote, “A tree growing out of the ground is as wonderful today as it ever was. It does not need to adopt new and startling methods.”

[33] This is fine for the scientist, but does the poet does have to follow suit? Certainly, one does not want to reinvent the telephone, but haiku is not science. Haiku simply uses, like science, the same technique of careful observation. If one notices something new, like a scientist discovering a new species of arachnid, that can be wonderful, but for the haiku poet the goal is simply to notice and to share that noticing. As Mary Oliver once wrote, “Pay attention. / Be astonished. / Tell about it.”

[34] A message for haiku poets here is not to expect to achieve excellence quickly, or to try to publish (whether in journals but especially in books) too hastily. Would that more haiku poets, when new to the craft, would set themselves the goal of writing a thousand haiku before publishing their first one, of writing a hundred for every ten they submit for publication. Haiku may seem easy enough at the outset, but quick validation should not be confused with excellence. Even to understand what excellence is is part of the haiku poet’s task.

[35] Let them be indifferent. As Cummings said, his poetry is not for “mostpeople.” I would prefer indifference to dismissal or misunderstanding. Yet I hasten to add that most haiku poets would prefer understanding and appreciation to indifference or ignorance.

[36] Pound does not really finish his ideas here. It would be helpful if he unpacked his thoughts on this matter further. It’s fine to want a pause, to start with a heave. One wants to do what one needs to do, for the sake of both sound and sense. I also bear in mind that he is not thinking directly of haiku here, but of longer poetry.

[37] I’m not sure that the poet (haiku or otherwise) is bound by no other laws but those of music, but the haiku poet would do well to always consider rhythm, to let the poem trip off the tongue, to find its way to the ear. As Charles Olson said in his essay on projective verse, “the HEAD, by way of the EAR, to the SYLLABLE / the HEART, by way of the BREATH, to the LINE.” One must not overdo alliteration or any other poetic technique, unless one is joking, but how many “academic” translations are as wooden as dead trees because the translator has no ear?

[38] Form, of course, follows function.

[39] Rhyme in haiku, if used, seldom surprises in any kind of successful way. In fact, the only rhyme that would ever seem to work in haiku is one that not only surprises but feels natural, or is so subtle as to be mostly subconscious. No jewels on the finger!

[40] Charles Vildrac and Georges Duhamel were proponents of the French tradition of Unanimism. Their book, Notes sur la technique poétique (Notes on Poetic Technique), was published in French in 1910, and promoted strongly accented rhythms. It is listed on Amazon at https://www.amazon.com/Technique-Poetique-Georges-Charles-Vildrac/dp/B006H126M6/. See also https://www.britannica.com/art/Unanimism and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanimism.

[41] In The Book of Tea, Kakuzo Okakura writes that “Translation is always a treason, and as a Ming author observes, can at its best be only the reverse side of a brocade.” The treason, of course, begins with sound. Musical techniques in the original may occasionally find analogs in the destination language, but mostly won’t, as with most double meanings and allusions. But Pound redeems translation by noting that images or ideas of the imagination can indeed be translated. We can, at least, still get the gist of each poem in translation. It would seem self-evident, even, that every single successful poem is always worth translating, despite what is lost—remembering, too, that some virtues can also be gained.

[42] What can Dante, Milton, and Wordsworth teach the haiku poet? At the very least, the haiku poet would do well to be open to learning anything.

[43] Likewise, the haiku poet can improve upon his or her station by embracing all manner of writing. Novelists and essayists could also benefit from exploring haiku. The benefit goes both ways.

[44] It is no wonder that many of the best poets also do translations. It’s a means of exploring not just another language, but of exploring one’s own. It is an art that moves beyond mere composition to include the restraints of accuracy and validity, not to mention rhythm, sound, and meaning. Even if one cannot rise to the level of publishing significant new translations, the act of trying cannot help but improve one’s poetry, haiku included.

[45] Unmon said, “When walking, just walk. When sitting, just sit. Above all, don’t wobble.” The translation, and the poem, must be sure.

[46] Whether you consider haiku to be a “symmetrical” form or not, no padding or chopping allowed! Does Pound even need to mention such rudimentaries?

[47] The tradition for synesthesia in poetry, including haiku, is well established (think of Bashō’s wild duck call that is “faintly white”). The point to take here is to first strive for the right word, which may well make synesthesia unnecessary. Nor, though, should we fear it.

[48] The footnote refers to F. S. Flint and his essay, “Imagisme,” actually written by Pound, in the same issue of Poetry magazine. See this essay’s footnote #9.

[49] The three proscriptions are the direct treatment of the “thing,” whether subjective or objective; to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation; and, regarding rhythm, to compose musically, not following a metronome. Would these proscriptions cull nine-tenths of bad haiku? More direct treatment, no unnecessary words, and composing rhythmically would surely help. In Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Bashō (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1998), Haruo Shirane adds Pound’s definition of the image as a fourth proscription: “An ‘Image’ is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.” Shirane also notes that, in the anthology Some Imagist Poets, Amy Lowell added two additional rules (42): “To produce poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred nor indefinite” and “Finally, most of us believe that concentration is of the very essence of poetry.” The majority of haiku poets, it seems to me, would concur. Nevertheless, Shirane’s book makes the case that Imagism overly narrowed the perception of haiku in the West, and that it should not be limited to here-and-now suchnesses in the Zen and Imagist tradition.

[50] Here Pound returns from the head to the heart. First one has to be a poet. All matters of craft and intention follow from there.

[51] Is Pound being ironic here? If the public is indifferent to poetry, as he claimed earlier, then surely not everyone is automatically born a poet. But some people are, and they should not squander that gift. Nor, too, should any haiku poet.